Through-hole assembly means bending leads on components and putting the leads through holes in the circuit board, then soldering them in place, and trimming the wires. That took up too much space a… ...

Wolkow’s circuit design encodes information by altering the single atoms in the circuit.* For example, some atoms would have electrons attached to them ("1") and others would not ("0").

The electrical resistance of a circuit component is defined as the ratio of the applied voltage to the electric current that flows through it, according to HyperPhysics, a physics resource website ...