The internal structure of a proton, with quarks, gluons, and quark spin shown. The nuclear force acts like a spring, with negligible force when unstretched but large, attractive forces when ...

Quarks are the main components of protons. We have concluded through experimental probing of the proton with high energy electrons that inside the proton there are three massive objects, and based ...

It is believed that one up and one down quark make up the proton and neutron. Quarks are held together by a force dubbed the chromo force, represented by particles named gluons, which are just as ...

Gluons and quarks are inextricably linked. Quarks are the elementary particles that form hadrons, which are particles made of two or three quarks.

A 40-year-old debate about charm quarks in protons may have been settled by a new machine-learning analysis of data from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and other facilities. However, not all ...

What are the smallest building blocks in Nature? How do these particles build up everything we see around us? What forces act in Nature and how do they actually function? This year's Nobel Prize ...

Quarks and antiquarks, which interact with the strong nuclear force, have color charges that correspond to red, green and blue (for the quarks) and cyan, magenta and yellow (for the antiquarks).