A, B, C or D – grades might not say all that much about what students are actually learning

Another method is called collaborative grading, or ungrading, where students don’t get grades throughout the semester.
eLife

Niche exclusion of a lung pathogen in mice with designed probiotic communities

This study reports a valuable method to predict the capacity of a candidate probiotic bacterium to metabolically outcompete a bacterial pathogen in the ecological niche of the murine respiratory tract ...