The Kingdom of Ile Ife, Nigeria, is famous for its bronze masks, but excavations reveal they were also pioneers in ancient African glassmaking. At a site called Igbo-Olokun, between the 11th and 15th centuries, Yoruba craftsmen produced what archaeologists call primary glass, made from silica-rich sand and plant ash. One of the only places in sub-Saharan Africa where glass was created from raw materials, not imported or recycled. These beads weren’t just ornaments but used as currency, status sy

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