An Earth Pressure Balance Tunnel Boring Machine (EPB TBM) is a type of mechanised tunnelling machine designed for soft ground conditions. It operates by using a rotating cutting wheel at the front to excavate soil, which is then mixed with a controlled amount of additives to create a paste-like material. This material helps maintain pressure at the tunnel face, balancing the external earth pressure and preventing collapse. The excavated material is transported through the machine using a screw c